贝加尔湖：冰洞 Ice caves of Lake Baikal

冰洞形成：
贝加尔湖冬季气温可降至-30°C以下，湖面结冰厚度达1-2米。冰洞多出现在湖岸岩石区或冰层薄弱处。
温度变化：昼夜温差导致冰层反复膨胀收缩，产生裂缝。
湖水流动：冰层下的湖水持续流动（如温泉或暗流）可能局部融化冰层，形成洞穴。
风力作用：强风（如“萨尔马风”）吹动冰层，加速裂缝扩展并塑造空洞结构。

冰挂形成：
波浪冻结：湖水拍打岸边或岩石时，飞溅的水滴在低温中瞬间冻结，逐渐堆积成冰柱或冰帘。
渗水凝结：岩壁缝隙渗出的湖水缓慢冻结，形成钟乳状冰挂。
蒸发冷凝：部分冰挂由冰面升华的水汽遇冷重新凝结而成，呈现晶莹剔透的形态。

贝加尔湖的湖水极端纯净，形成的冰体透明度极高，加之气泡和裂纹的独特纹理，共同造就了如水晶般的冰洞与冰挂奇观。

Formation of Ice Curtains

Wave Freezing: Splashing waves freeze instantly upon contact with cold air, building up icicles or ice curtains along shores.

Seepage Freezing: Water dripping from cliffs or rocks slowly freezes, forming stalactite-like ice structures.

Sublimation and Condensation: Some ice formations result from sublimated moisture refreezing, creating translucent shapes.

Formation of Ice Caves:

During winter, temperatures around Lake Baikal can drop below -30°C, creating ice layers up to 1-2 meters thick. Ice caves often form near rocky shores or weak points in the ice.
Thermal Stress: Daily temperature swings cause the ice to expand and contract, creating cracks.
Underwater Activity: Subsurface water movement (e.g., geothermal springs or currents) may melt parts of the ice, hollowing out caves.
Wind Erosion: Powerful winds (like the "Sarma") push against the ice, widening cracks and sculpting cave structures.

Lake Baikal’s ultra-pure water produces exceptionally clear ice. Trapped air bubbles and intricate cracks further enhance the surreal, glass-like appearance of its ice caves and formations.